From 827 to 1091, Sicily flourished under Muslim rule when Aghlabid, then Fatimid, and later Kalbid dynasties transformed the island into a beacon of Mediterranean culture. This was a period of remarkable innovation that left enduring marks on Sicilian society, economy, and language. From Palermo’s suqs (markets) flowed exports of textiles, sugar, rope, and silk, connecting the island to trade networks stretching from North Africa to the Levant and beyond. In agriculture, Muslim administrators r