Diophantus of Alexandria revolutionized algebra with Arithmetica, pioneering symbolic notation and abstract number theory.

In Western history, the earliest written proof appears in Elements by Euclid, a Greek mathematician in the 4th century BC.

Examines ancient numeral systems, Babylonian and Egyptian mathematics, Pythagorean mathematics, duplication, trisection, and quadrature, Euclid's elements and Greek mathematics after Euclid, Hindu and ...