Simon V. Fowler, Malcolm Macgarvin, The Effects of Leaf Damage on the Performance of Insect Herbivores on Birch, Betula pubescens, Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Jun., 1986), pp. 565-573 ...

1. The pattern of responses of adult trees of Mountain Birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) to an outbreak of a folivorous insect (Epirrita autumnata) causing ≈90% defoliation was studied over 8 ...