This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

A well-established technique, acid-base titration is an analytical method used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base. In practice, it involves adding a solution of known strength ...

Several theories have been developed to explain the behaviour of acids and bases. The most notable theories include the Arrhenius concept, the Brønsted-Lowry theory, and the Lewis concept. In the ...

Quantification of nucleic acid concentrations is often performed by measuring light absorption in UV-VIS spectrometers. There are a few challenges faced in this measurement method. In UV-VIS ...

(Higher tier) Strong acids completely ionise in water. They break up completely to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.