The rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is revolutionising water quality monitoring systems by enabling the continuous, real‐time assessment of critical water parameters. Modern ...

While it can be straightforward to distill water to high purity, this is rarely the best method for producing water for useful purposes. Even drinking water typically needs certain minerals in it, ...

Conventional water quality surveillance relies heavily on manual sampling, localized sensors, and intermittent laboratory ...