An algorithm that runs in network bridges and switches to prevent loops, in which packets keep going around in circles. In a small network with one or two switches, the spanning tree protocol (STP) ...

Independent spanning trees, often realised as completely independent spanning trees (CISTs), form a foundational concept in network design and routing. They consist of multiple spanning trees ...

Complex networks represent interconnected systems found in fields ranging from sociology to biology and technological infrastructures. A critical aspect of analysing such networks is the study of ...